In many countries, speech through cyberspace has proven to be another means of communication which has been regulated by the government. The Open Net Initiative, whose mission statement is "to investigate and challenge state filtration and surveillance practices" in order to "...generate a credible picture of these practices," has released numerous reports documenting the filtration of internet-speech in various countries. While China has thus far proven to be the most rigorous in its attempts to filter unwanted parts of the internet from its citizens, many other countries - including Australia, Singapore, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Tunisia - have engaged in similar practices. In one of the most vivid examples of information-control, the Chinese government for a short time transparently forwarded requests to the Google search engine to its own, state-controlled search engines. These examples of filtration bring to light many underlying questions concerning the freedom of speech, namely, does the government have a legitimate role in limiting access to information? And if so, what forms of regulation are acceptable? The recent blocking of "blogspot" and other websites in India failed to reconcile the conflicting interests of speech and expression on the one hand and legitimate government concerns on the other hand.
Some examples are:
At the beginning of May, Senator Nelson was reported to have said that including a "public option" (giving Americans a choice to opt into a public system) in a national health care proposal was a "deal breaker," and that he would "form a coalition of like-minded centrists opposed to the creation of a public plan, as a counterweight to Democrats pushing for it."
On May 7, our friends at Public Campaign produced a report that showed that Senator Nelson has received more than "$2 million from insurance and health care interests in his three campaigns for federal office."
These two facts together expose Senator Nelson to the charge of "Good Souls corruption" -- legal, even ethical acts that reasonably lead the public to wonder whether it is the merits or the money that is driving this Senator's decision.
Thursday, June 11, 2009
Cyber Law
Cyberlaw which is also known to the layman as the Internet law, is a term that brings togather the legal issues related to use of communicative, transactional, and distributive aspects of networked information devices and technologies. It is less a distinct field of law in the way that property or contract are, as it is a domain covering many areas of law and regulation. Some leading topics include intellectual property, privacy, freedom of expression, and jurisdiction.
There was a recent comment on the impact of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals’ decision limiting the protections afforded to service providers under the Communications Decency Act. In that case, the court refused to provide immunity to website owners who encourage unlawful or defamatory statements. Less than a month later, the Ohio Court of Appeals also refused to protect the “interests” of bloggers and others who engage in online defamatory statements. The Ninth Circuit’s message was that if you encourage unlawful conduct, the CDA will not provide you with unwarranted solace. The Ohio Court of Appeals message is that if you post defamatory statements online, you may be sued in a State where the other party’s reputation is damaged.
Another major area of interest is net neutrality, which affects the regulation of the infrastructure of the Internet. Though not obvious to most Internet users, every packet of data sent and received by every user on the Internet passes through routers and transmission infrastructure owned by a collection of private and public entities, including telecommunications companies, universities, and governments, suggesting that the Internet is not as independent as Barlow and others would like to believe. This is turning into one of the most critical aspects of cyberlaw and has immediate jurisdictional implications, as laws in force in one jurisdiction have the potential to have dramatic effects in other jurisdictions when host servers or telecommunications companies are affected.
There was a recent comment on the impact of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals’ decision limiting the protections afforded to service providers under the Communications Decency Act. In that case, the court refused to provide immunity to website owners who encourage unlawful or defamatory statements. Less than a month later, the Ohio Court of Appeals also refused to protect the “interests” of bloggers and others who engage in online defamatory statements. The Ninth Circuit’s message was that if you encourage unlawful conduct, the CDA will not provide you with unwarranted solace. The Ohio Court of Appeals message is that if you post defamatory statements online, you may be sued in a State where the other party’s reputation is damaged.
Another major area of interest is net neutrality, which affects the regulation of the infrastructure of the Internet. Though not obvious to most Internet users, every packet of data sent and received by every user on the Internet passes through routers and transmission infrastructure owned by a collection of private and public entities, including telecommunications companies, universities, and governments, suggesting that the Internet is not as independent as Barlow and others would like to believe. This is turning into one of the most critical aspects of cyberlaw and has immediate jurisdictional implications, as laws in force in one jurisdiction have the potential to have dramatic effects in other jurisdictions when host servers or telecommunications companies are affected.
Hardware/software Cyber Law
Cyberlaw which is also known to the layman as the Internet law, is a term that brings togather the legal issues related to use of communicative, transactional, and distributive aspects of networked information devices and technologies. It is less a distinct field of law in the way that property or contract are, as it is a domain covering many areas of law and regulation. Some leading topics include intellectual property, privacy, freedom of expression, and jurisdiction.
There was a recent comment on the impact of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals’ decision limiting the protections afforded to service providers under the Communications Decency Act. In that case, the court refused to provide immunity to website owners who encourage unlawful or defamatory statements. Less than a month later, the Ohio Court of Appeals also refused to protect the “interests” of bloggers and others who engage in online defamatory statements. The Ninth Circuit’s message was that if you encourage unlawful conduct, the CDA will not provide you with unwarranted solace. The Ohio Court of Appeals message is that if you post defamatory statements online, you may be sued in a State where the other party’s reputation is damaged.
Another major area of interest is net neutrality, which affects the regulation of the infrastructure of the Internet. Though not obvious to most Internet users, every packet of data sent and received by every user on the Internet passes through routers and transmission infrastructure owned by a collection of private and public entities, including telecommunications companies, universities, and governments, suggesting that the Internet is not as independent as Barlow and others would like to believe. This is turning into one of the most critical aspects of cyberlaw and has immediate jurisdictional implications, as laws in force in one jurisdiction have the potential to have dramatic effects in other jurisdictions when host servers or telecommunications companies are affected.
There was a recent comment on the impact of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals’ decision limiting the protections afforded to service providers under the Communications Decency Act. In that case, the court refused to provide immunity to website owners who encourage unlawful or defamatory statements. Less than a month later, the Ohio Court of Appeals also refused to protect the “interests” of bloggers and others who engage in online defamatory statements. The Ninth Circuit’s message was that if you encourage unlawful conduct, the CDA will not provide you with unwarranted solace. The Ohio Court of Appeals message is that if you post defamatory statements online, you may be sued in a State where the other party’s reputation is damaged.
Another major area of interest is net neutrality, which affects the regulation of the infrastructure of the Internet. Though not obvious to most Internet users, every packet of data sent and received by every user on the Internet passes through routers and transmission infrastructure owned by a collection of private and public entities, including telecommunications companies, universities, and governments, suggesting that the Internet is not as independent as Barlow and others would like to believe. This is turning into one of the most critical aspects of cyberlaw and has immediate jurisdictional implications, as laws in force in one jurisdiction have the potential to have dramatic effects in other jurisdictions when host servers or telecommunications companies are affected.
Registry Hacking part 1
To tread into the XP registry like an expert all u have to do isDisplay legal notice on startup:Wanna tell your friends about the do's and dont's in your computer when they login in your absence. Well you can do it pretty easily by displaying a legal notice at system start up.REGEDIT[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\policies\system]"legalnoticecaption"="enter your notice caption""legalnoticetext"="enter your legal notice text"
so go on post ur messages in ur XP operating system!!!
XP registry hacking part 2
Automatic Administrator Login
Well here's the trick which you can use to prove that Windows XP is not at all secure as multi-user operating system. Hacking the Windows XP system registry from any account having access to system registry puts you in to the administrator account.REGEDIT 4[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Winlogon]"AutoAdminLogon"="1"
Happy Windows XP hacking
Well here's the trick which you can use to prove that Windows XP is not at all secure as multi-user operating system. Hacking the Windows XP system registry from any account having access to system registry puts you in to the administrator account.REGEDIT 4[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Winlogon]"AutoAdminLogon"="1"
Happy Windows XP hacking
Wednesday, June 10, 2009
Internet security!!
- Keep Your Firewall Turned On: A firewall helps protect your computer from hackers who might try to gain access to crash it, delete information, or even steal passwords or other sensitive information. Software firewalls are widely recommended for single computers. The software is prepackaged on some operating systems or can be purchased for individual computers. For multiple networked computers, hardware routers typically provide firewall protection.
- Install or Update Your Antivirus Software: Antivirus software is designed to prevent malicious software programs from embedding on your computer. If it detects malicious code, like a virus or a worm, it works to disarm or remove it. Viruses can infect computers without users' knowledge. Most types of antivirus software can be set up to update automatically.
- Install or Update Your Antispyware Technology: Spyware is just what it sounds like—software that is surreptitiously installed on your computer to let others peer into your activities on the computer. Some spyware collects information about you without your consent or produces unwanted pop-up ads on your web browser. Some operating systems offer free spyware protection, and inexpensive software is readily available for download on the Internet or at your local computer store. Be wary of ads on the Internet offering downloadable antispyware—in some cases these products may be fake and may actually contain spyware or other malicious code. It's like buying groceries—shop where you trust.
- Keep Your Operating System Up to Date: Computer operating systems are periodically updated to stay in tune with technology requirements and to fix security holes. Be sure to install the updates to ensure your computer has the latest protection.
- Be Careful What You Download: Carelessly downloading e-mail attachments can circumvent even the most vigilant anti-virus software. Never open an e-mail attachment from someone you don't know, and be wary of forwarded attachments from people you do know. They may have unwittingly advanced malicious code.
- Turn Off Your Computer: With the growth of high-speed Internet connections, many opt to leave their computers on and ready for action. The downside is that being "always on" renders computers more susceptible. Beyond firewall protection, which is designed to fend off unwanted attacks, turning the computer off effectively severs an attacker's connection—be it spyware or a botnet that employs your computer's resources to reach out to other unwitting users.
- Install or Update Your Antivirus Software: Antivirus software is designed to prevent malicious software programs from embedding on your computer. If it detects malicious code, like a virus or a worm, it works to disarm or remove it. Viruses can infect computers without users' knowledge. Most types of antivirus software can be set up to update automatically.
- Install or Update Your Antispyware Technology: Spyware is just what it sounds like—software that is surreptitiously installed on your computer to let others peer into your activities on the computer. Some spyware collects information about you without your consent or produces unwanted pop-up ads on your web browser. Some operating systems offer free spyware protection, and inexpensive software is readily available for download on the Internet or at your local computer store. Be wary of ads on the Internet offering downloadable antispyware—in some cases these products may be fake and may actually contain spyware or other malicious code. It's like buying groceries—shop where you trust.
- Keep Your Operating System Up to Date: Computer operating systems are periodically updated to stay in tune with technology requirements and to fix security holes. Be sure to install the updates to ensure your computer has the latest protection.
- Be Careful What You Download: Carelessly downloading e-mail attachments can circumvent even the most vigilant anti-virus software. Never open an e-mail attachment from someone you don't know, and be wary of forwarded attachments from people you do know. They may have unwittingly advanced malicious code.
- Turn Off Your Computer: With the growth of high-speed Internet connections, many opt to leave their computers on and ready for action. The downside is that being "always on" renders computers more susceptible. Beyond firewall protection, which is designed to fend off unwanted attacks, turning the computer off effectively severs an attacker's connection—be it spyware or a botnet that employs your computer's resources to reach out to other unwitting users.
highly useful for internet users!!
Speed or bandwidth of Internet is calculated as kilobits per second (kbps)
which is different from kilobytes per second
8 kilobits per second (SPEED) = 1 kilobytes per second (Transfer Rate/Download Rate)
For Example:
if your internet speed is 256kbps, then its transfer rate would be (256/8) = 32kbps
Some of the Important Terms used in Internet
Network = Interconnection of two or more computers
Load = demand on a network
Bandwidth = The Amount of Data that can be transmitted over a given segment of communication media within a specific time.
Terminal = It consists of only a monitor and a keyboard. It does not have a cpu.
Host = A Computer that is accessed by a user at a remote location
Node = A device on a network
Overhead = The Amount of bandwidth required to successfully complete a given networking Operation
Lag = Sluggishness of the operation of an Overworked Network
Server = The Computer Which Provides services to other computers(Clients)
Client = The Requesting Computer to the server
Cookie = It is a information stored by the website on your hard disk for future use.Typically, a cookie records your preferences when using a particular site. In Windows, Internet Explorer stores each coockie in a separate text file.
The speed of internet is affected by the following reasons:
=> Host Server
=> Number of Connections on Router
=> Your Computer Hardware
=> Quality of Cables or Modems
=> Weather Conditions
=> Time of the Day
=> Browser
=> Presence of Viruses or Spywares or Adwares
=> Website Capacity
Average Internet Download Speed in some of the Countries in Mbps
Japan = 61
Korea = 45.6
Netherlands(Europe) = 21.7
Sweden(Europe) = 18.2
France(Europe) = 17.6
Canada(u.s) = 7.6
U.K = 3.62
China = 2.31
Europe(includes all Europe countries) = 2.06
U.S. = 1.92
Russia = 1.41
Africa = 0.65
India = 0.64
Info about linux
Linux is a free Unix-type operating system originally created by Linus Torvalds with the assistance of developers around the world. Developed under the GNU General Public License, the source code for Linux is freely available to everyone which is causing a major evolution in the world of computers. It outperforms other operating systems on similar hardware and is available on architectures ranging from a PDA to supercomputers.
A modern operating system like Linux is even easier to install and use than Microsoft® Windows™, especially given the reboot nightmares, viruses, worms, driver-update hassles and Service Pack annoyances that come with Microsoft® Windows™.
Linux and Open Source technologies have become the standard platform of choice for IT system deployment. Over seventy percent of the Internet is running on Open Source technologies and international vendors such as Sun, Novell and IBM are deploying Linux and Open Source.
With proven reliability, security by design and a world class reputation throughout the IT industry there really is no reason why you cannot move to Linux and freedom right now. Why wait for your next systems failure? Now is the time to start your move to Linux and Open Source.
Moving to the Linux platform does not require abandoning existing investments in Microsoft Windows applications and infrastructure. Linux runs on the same hardware and can run many of the Microsoft Windows applications, like OpenOffice. What makes this even more amazing is that Linux and Open Source applications are freely available to anyone who wishes to download them.
Why Move?
The big question for many corporate IT professionals and developers is "Why would I move from Windows to Linux?" Windows is well established in the enterprise computing space and applications currently deployed on Windows may be running just fine in their organisation.
However, many organisations are migrating from Windows and UNIX to the OSS Linux platform. They are moving in order to gain better business value, a greater choice of solutions, and richer capabilities for addressing their enterprise computing needs and abilities. This is what no proprietary vendor can do...
1. They don't have the hugely productive environment of KDE to program in.
2. They can't run development crews of the Open Source Community size without considerable investment.
3. They can't gather the input of thousands of users.
4. They can't design in such an open fashion as to remove all their hooks.
5. They can't make a product so extensible that it takes away their upgrade leverage.
6. They can't give it away for free.
A modern operating system like Linux is even easier to install and use than Microsoft® Windows™, especially given the reboot nightmares, viruses, worms, driver-update hassles and Service Pack annoyances that come with Microsoft® Windows™.
Linux and Open Source technologies have become the standard platform of choice for IT system deployment. Over seventy percent of the Internet is running on Open Source technologies and international vendors such as Sun, Novell and IBM are deploying Linux and Open Source.
With proven reliability, security by design and a world class reputation throughout the IT industry there really is no reason why you cannot move to Linux and freedom right now. Why wait for your next systems failure? Now is the time to start your move to Linux and Open Source.
Moving to the Linux platform does not require abandoning existing investments in Microsoft Windows applications and infrastructure. Linux runs on the same hardware and can run many of the Microsoft Windows applications, like OpenOffice. What makes this even more amazing is that Linux and Open Source applications are freely available to anyone who wishes to download them.
Why Move?
The big question for many corporate IT professionals and developers is "Why would I move from Windows to Linux?" Windows is well established in the enterprise computing space and applications currently deployed on Windows may be running just fine in their organisation.
However, many organisations are migrating from Windows and UNIX to the OSS Linux platform. They are moving in order to gain better business value, a greater choice of solutions, and richer capabilities for addressing their enterprise computing needs and abilities. This is what no proprietary vendor can do...
1. They don't have the hugely productive environment of KDE to program in.
2. They can't run development crews of the Open Source Community size without considerable investment.
3. They can't gather the input of thousands of users.
4. They can't design in such an open fashion as to remove all their hooks.
5. They can't make a product so extensible that it takes away their upgrade leverage.
6. They can't give it away for free.
Hardware Troubleshooting
Some easy tips to that can be used even by a common man!!
Troubleshooting Tips for New Monitors
Here is some basic trouble shooting tips for new monitors:
1. The picture does not appear
* Check to make sure the signal cable is firmly connected in the socket.
* Check to see if the computer system's power is ON.
* Check that the Brightness Control is at the appropriate position, not at the minimum.
2. The Screen is not synchronized
* Check to make sure the signal cable is firmly connected in the socket.
* Check that the output level matches the input level of your computer.
* Make sure the signal timing of the computer system is within the specification of the monitor.
3. The position of the screen is not in the center
* Adjust the H-Size, H-Phase or V-Size, V-Center controls.
* Check if the signal timing of the computer system is within the specification of the monitor.
4. The screen is too bright or too dark
* Check if the Brightness or contrast control is at the appropriate position, not at the maximum or minimum.
* Check if the specified voltage is applied
* Check if the signal timing of the computer system is within the specification of the monitor.
* Especially, check the horizontal frequency.
5. The screen is shaking
* Move all objects that emit a magnetic field, such as a motor or transformer, away from the monitor.
* Check if the specified voltage is applied.
* Check if the signal timing of the computer system is within the specification of the monitor.
Troubleshooting Tips for New Monitors
Here is some basic trouble shooting tips for new monitors:
1. The picture does not appear
* Check to make sure the signal cable is firmly connected in the socket.
* Check to see if the computer system's power is ON.
* Check that the Brightness Control is at the appropriate position, not at the minimum.
2. The Screen is not synchronized
* Check to make sure the signal cable is firmly connected in the socket.
* Check that the output level matches the input level of your computer.
* Make sure the signal timing of the computer system is within the specification of the monitor.
3. The position of the screen is not in the center
* Adjust the H-Size, H-Phase or V-Size, V-Center controls.
* Check if the signal timing of the computer system is within the specification of the monitor.
4. The screen is too bright or too dark
* Check if the Brightness or contrast control is at the appropriate position, not at the maximum or minimum.
* Check if the specified voltage is applied
* Check if the signal timing of the computer system is within the specification of the monitor.
* Especially, check the horizontal frequency.
5. The screen is shaking
* Move all objects that emit a magnetic field, such as a motor or transformer, away from the monitor.
* Check if the specified voltage is applied.
* Check if the signal timing of the computer system is within the specification of the monitor.
MORE on pc harware issues!!
3 BIOS settings
Every motherboard is supplied with a range of chipset settings that are decided in the factory. A common way to access these settings is to press the F2 or delete button during the first few seconds of a boot-up.
Once inside the BIOS, great care should be taken. It is a good idea to write down on a piece of paper all the settings that appear on the screen. That way, if you change something and the computer becomes more unstable, you will know what settings to revert to.
A common BIOS error concerns the CAS latency. This refers to the Ram. Older EDO (extended data out) Ram has a CAS latency of 3. Newer SDRam has a CAS latency of 2. Setting the wrong figure can cause the Ram to lock up and freeze the computer's display.
Mcft Windows is better at allocating IRQ numbers than any BIOS. If possible set the IRQ numbers to Auto in the BIOS. This will allow Windows to allocate the IRQ numbers (make sure the BIOS setting for Plug and Play OS is switched to 'yes' to allow Windows to do this.).
4 Hard disk drives
After a few weeks, the information on a hard disk drive starts to become piecemeal or fragmented. It is a good idea to defragment the hard disk every week or so, to prevent the disk from causing a screen freeze.
Start-Programs-Accessories-System Tools-Disk Defragmenter
This will start the procedure. You will be unable to write data to the hard drive (to save it) while the disk is defragmenting, so it is a good idea to schedule the procedure for a period of inactivity using the Task Scheduler.
The Task Scheduler should be one of the small icons on the bottom right of the Windows opening page (the desktop).
Some lockups and screen freezes caused by hard disk problems can be solved by reducing the read-ahead optimisation. This can be adjusted by going to
Start-Settings-Control Panel-System Icon-Performance-File System-Hard Disk.
Hard disks will slow down and crash if they are too full. Do some housekeeping on your hard drive every few months and free some space on it. Open the Windows folder on the C drive and find the Temporary Internet Files folder. Deleting the contents (not the folder) can free a lot of space.
Empty the Recycle Bin every week to free more space. Hard disk drives should be scanned every week for errors or bad sectors. Go to
Start-Programs-Accessories-System Tools-ScanDisk
Otherwise assign the Task Scheduler to perform this operation at night when the computer is not in use.
5 Fatal OE exceptions and VXD errors
Fatal OE exception errors and VXD errors are often caused by video card problems.
These can often be resolved easily by reducing the resolution of the video display. Go to
Start-Settings-Control Panel-Display-Settings
Here you should slide the screen area bar to the left. Take a look at the colour settings on the left of that window. For most desktops, high colour 16-bit depth is adequate.
If the screen freezes or you experience system lockups it might be due to the video card. Make sure it does not have a hardware conflict. Go to
Start-Settings-Control Panel-System-Device Manager
Here, select the + beside Display Adapter. A line of text describing your video card should appear. Select it (make it blue) and press properties. Then select Resources and select each line in the window. Look for a message that says No Conflicts.
If you have video card hardware conflict, you will see it here. Be careful at this point and make a note of everything you do in case you make things worse.
The way to resolve a hardware conflict is to uncheck the Use Automatic Settings box and hit the Change Settings button. You are searching for a setting that will display a No Conflicts message.
Another useful way to resolve video problems is to go to
Start-Settings-Control Panel-System-Performance-Graphics
Here you should move the Hardware Acceleration slider to the left. As ever, the most common cause of problems relating to graphics cards is old or faulty drivers (a driver is a small piece of software used by a computer to communicate with a device).
Look up your video card's manufacturer on the internet and search for the most recent drivers for it.
6 Viruses
Often the first sign of a virus infection is instability. Some viruses erase the boot sector of a hard drive, making it impossible to start. This is why it is a good idea to create a Windows start-up disk. Go to
Start-Settings-Control Panel-Add/Remove Programs
Here, look for the Start Up Disk tab. Virus protection requires constant vigilance.
A virus scanner requires a list of virus signatures in order to be able to identify viruses. These signatures are stored in a DAT file. DAT files should be updated weekly from the website of your antivirus software manufacturer.
Every motherboard is supplied with a range of chipset settings that are decided in the factory. A common way to access these settings is to press the F2 or delete button during the first few seconds of a boot-up.
Once inside the BIOS, great care should be taken. It is a good idea to write down on a piece of paper all the settings that appear on the screen. That way, if you change something and the computer becomes more unstable, you will know what settings to revert to.
A common BIOS error concerns the CAS latency. This refers to the Ram. Older EDO (extended data out) Ram has a CAS latency of 3. Newer SDRam has a CAS latency of 2. Setting the wrong figure can cause the Ram to lock up and freeze the computer's display.
Mcft Windows is better at allocating IRQ numbers than any BIOS. If possible set the IRQ numbers to Auto in the BIOS. This will allow Windows to allocate the IRQ numbers (make sure the BIOS setting for Plug and Play OS is switched to 'yes' to allow Windows to do this.).
4 Hard disk drives
After a few weeks, the information on a hard disk drive starts to become piecemeal or fragmented. It is a good idea to defragment the hard disk every week or so, to prevent the disk from causing a screen freeze.
Start-Programs-Accessories-System Tools-Disk Defragmenter
This will start the procedure. You will be unable to write data to the hard drive (to save it) while the disk is defragmenting, so it is a good idea to schedule the procedure for a period of inactivity using the Task Scheduler.
The Task Scheduler should be one of the small icons on the bottom right of the Windows opening page (the desktop).
Some lockups and screen freezes caused by hard disk problems can be solved by reducing the read-ahead optimisation. This can be adjusted by going to
Start-Settings-Control Panel-System Icon-Performance-File System-Hard Disk.
Hard disks will slow down and crash if they are too full. Do some housekeeping on your hard drive every few months and free some space on it. Open the Windows folder on the C drive and find the Temporary Internet Files folder. Deleting the contents (not the folder) can free a lot of space.
Empty the Recycle Bin every week to free more space. Hard disk drives should be scanned every week for errors or bad sectors. Go to
Start-Programs-Accessories-System Tools-ScanDisk
Otherwise assign the Task Scheduler to perform this operation at night when the computer is not in use.
5 Fatal OE exceptions and VXD errors
Fatal OE exception errors and VXD errors are often caused by video card problems.
These can often be resolved easily by reducing the resolution of the video display. Go to
Start-Settings-Control Panel-Display-Settings
Here you should slide the screen area bar to the left. Take a look at the colour settings on the left of that window. For most desktops, high colour 16-bit depth is adequate.
If the screen freezes or you experience system lockups it might be due to the video card. Make sure it does not have a hardware conflict. Go to
Start-Settings-Control Panel-System-Device Manager
Here, select the + beside Display Adapter. A line of text describing your video card should appear. Select it (make it blue) and press properties. Then select Resources and select each line in the window. Look for a message that says No Conflicts.
If you have video card hardware conflict, you will see it here. Be careful at this point and make a note of everything you do in case you make things worse.
The way to resolve a hardware conflict is to uncheck the Use Automatic Settings box and hit the Change Settings button. You are searching for a setting that will display a No Conflicts message.
Another useful way to resolve video problems is to go to
Start-Settings-Control Panel-System-Performance-Graphics
Here you should move the Hardware Acceleration slider to the left. As ever, the most common cause of problems relating to graphics cards is old or faulty drivers (a driver is a small piece of software used by a computer to communicate with a device).
Look up your video card's manufacturer on the internet and search for the most recent drivers for it.
6 Viruses
Often the first sign of a virus infection is instability. Some viruses erase the boot sector of a hard drive, making it impossible to start. This is why it is a good idea to create a Windows start-up disk. Go to
Start-Settings-Control Panel-Add/Remove Programs
Here, look for the Start Up Disk tab. Virus protection requires constant vigilance.
A virus scanner requires a list of virus signatures in order to be able to identify viruses. These signatures are stored in a DAT file. DAT files should be updated weekly from the website of your antivirus software manufacturer.
Reasons for PC crash
Fatal error: the system has become unstable or is busy," it says. "Enter to return to Windows or press Control-Alt-Delete to restart your computer. If you do this you will lose any unsaved information in all open applications."
You have just been struck by the Blue Screen of Death. Anyone who uses Mcft Windows will be familiar with this. What can you do? More importantly, how can you prevent it happening?
1 Hardware conflict
The number one reason why Windows crashes is hardware conflict. Each hardware device communicates to other devices through an interrupt request channel (IRQ). These are supposed to be unique for each device.
For example, a printer usually connects internally on IRQ 7. The keyboard usually uses IRQ 1 and the floppy disk drive IRQ 6. Each device will try to hog a single IRQ for itself.
If there are a lot of devices, or if they are not installed properly, two of them may end up sharing the same IRQ number. When the user tries to use both devices at the same time, a crash can happen. The way to check if your computer has a hardware conflict is through the following route:
Start-Settings-Control Panel-System-Device Manager.
Often if a device has a problem a yellow '!' appears next to its description in the Device Manager. Highlight Computer (in the Device Manager) and press Properties to see the IRQ numbers used by your computer. If the IRQ number appears twice, two devices may be using it.
Sometimes a device might share an IRQ with something described as 'IRQ holder for PCI steering'. This can be ignored. The best way to fix this problem is to remove the problem device and reinstall it.
Sometimes you may have to find more recent drivers on the Internet to make the device function properly. A good resource is www.driverguide.com. If the device is a soundcard, or a modem, it can often be fixed by moving it to a different slot on the motherboard (be careful about opening your computer, as you may void the warranty).
When working inside a computer you should switch it off, unplug the mains lead and touch an unpainted metal surface to discharge any static electricity.
To be fair to Mcft, the problem with IRQ numbers is not of its making. It is a legacy problem going back to the first PC designs using the IBM 8086 chip. Initially there were only eight IRQs. Today there are 16 IRQs in a PC. It is easy to run out of them. There are plans to increase the number of IRQs in future designs.
2 Bad Ram
Ram (random-access memory) problems might bring on the blue screen of death with a message saying Fatal Exception Error. A fatal error indicates a serious hardware problem. Sometimes it may mean a part is damaged and will need replacing.
But a fatal error caused by Ram might be caused by a mismatch of chips. For example, mixing 70-nanosecond (70ns) Ram with 60ns Ram will usually force the computer to run all the Ram at the slower speed. This will often crash the machine if the Ram is overworked.
One way around this problem is to enter the BIOS settings and increase the wait state of the Ram. This can make it more stable. Another way to troubleshoot a suspected Ram problem is to rearrange the Ram chips on the motherboard, or take some of them out. Then try to repeat the circumstances that caused the crash. When handling Ram try not to touch the gold connections, as they can be easily damaged.
Parity error messages also refer to Ram. Modern Ram chips are either parity (ECC) or non parity (non-ECC). It is best not to mix the two types, as this can be a cause of trouble.
EMM386 error messages refer to memory problems but may not be connected to bad Ram. This may be due to free memory problems often linked to old Dos-based programmes.
You have just been struck by the Blue Screen of Death. Anyone who uses Mcft Windows will be familiar with this. What can you do? More importantly, how can you prevent it happening?
1 Hardware conflict
The number one reason why Windows crashes is hardware conflict. Each hardware device communicates to other devices through an interrupt request channel (IRQ). These are supposed to be unique for each device.
For example, a printer usually connects internally on IRQ 7. The keyboard usually uses IRQ 1 and the floppy disk drive IRQ 6. Each device will try to hog a single IRQ for itself.
If there are a lot of devices, or if they are not installed properly, two of them may end up sharing the same IRQ number. When the user tries to use both devices at the same time, a crash can happen. The way to check if your computer has a hardware conflict is through the following route:
Start-Settings-Control Panel-System-Device Manager.
Often if a device has a problem a yellow '!' appears next to its description in the Device Manager. Highlight Computer (in the Device Manager) and press Properties to see the IRQ numbers used by your computer. If the IRQ number appears twice, two devices may be using it.
Sometimes a device might share an IRQ with something described as 'IRQ holder for PCI steering'. This can be ignored. The best way to fix this problem is to remove the problem device and reinstall it.
Sometimes you may have to find more recent drivers on the Internet to make the device function properly. A good resource is www.driverguide.com. If the device is a soundcard, or a modem, it can often be fixed by moving it to a different slot on the motherboard (be careful about opening your computer, as you may void the warranty).
When working inside a computer you should switch it off, unplug the mains lead and touch an unpainted metal surface to discharge any static electricity.
To be fair to Mcft, the problem with IRQ numbers is not of its making. It is a legacy problem going back to the first PC designs using the IBM 8086 chip. Initially there were only eight IRQs. Today there are 16 IRQs in a PC. It is easy to run out of them. There are plans to increase the number of IRQs in future designs.
2 Bad Ram
Ram (random-access memory) problems might bring on the blue screen of death with a message saying Fatal Exception Error. A fatal error indicates a serious hardware problem. Sometimes it may mean a part is damaged and will need replacing.
But a fatal error caused by Ram might be caused by a mismatch of chips. For example, mixing 70-nanosecond (70ns) Ram with 60ns Ram will usually force the computer to run all the Ram at the slower speed. This will often crash the machine if the Ram is overworked.
One way around this problem is to enter the BIOS settings and increase the wait state of the Ram. This can make it more stable. Another way to troubleshoot a suspected Ram problem is to rearrange the Ram chips on the motherboard, or take some of them out. Then try to repeat the circumstances that caused the crash. When handling Ram try not to touch the gold connections, as they can be easily damaged.
Parity error messages also refer to Ram. Modern Ram chips are either parity (ECC) or non parity (non-ECC). It is best not to mix the two types, as this can be a cause of trouble.
EMM386 error messages refer to memory problems but may not be connected to bad Ram. This may be due to free memory problems often linked to old Dos-based programmes.
Info about the upkeep of hard disk
Taking care of your hard disk is important because this is the place where all the data is stored and once the hard disk crashes, data in most cases is not recoverable. There are data recovery softwares and programs which recover data from crashed hard disks but that is not for normal computer users.
But why do hard disks crash and what can be done to prevent them from crashing?. At the same time how can a hard disk be made more efficient? Here are the answers.
Hard disks crash due to many reasons. Voltage fluctuations, physical impact, improper alignment and of course mechanical failure due to wear and tear of internal parts. Let us start one by one and get the answers to the above problems.
1. Voltage fluctuations or spikes as they are called can be prevented by using voltage stabilizers or spike guards. This will limit the damage to the hard disk to a great extent.
2. Physical impact can be prevented by handling the hard disk carefully when installing/ re-installing. When installing the hard disk care should be taken to see that it sits perfectly horizontal and that it does not vibrate or shake once the computer is started.
3. The natural wear and tear of parts can be limited by defragmenting your hard disk from time to time.But what is defragmentation? All newly created files are stored in various places on the hard disk in a single cluster ( contiguous file ). But, as the number of files and programs increase, these files are not stored as one contiguous file but broken down and scattered in various places on the hard disk. In short files get fragmented. When these files are accessed by the user, the head on the hard disk moves to and fro to locate these fragments. These fragmented files puts lot of mechanical pressure on the internal parts of the hard disk. This leads to crashes. To start disk defragmenter from the start menu, click the start button and follow this path (All Programs / Accessories / System Tools / Disk Defragmenter). A minimum of 15 percent free space on your disk is needed for disk defragmenter to run. The disk can also be defragmented automatically by using schedule task. This program can can be accessed via system tools.
4. Power management tool can also be used to enhance the life of hard disk. To access this program go to start / control panel / power options and set the parameters for various hardware devices.
5. Disk cleanup increases the efficiency of the hard disk. So delete unwanted files and programs regularly.
But why do hard disks crash and what can be done to prevent them from crashing?. At the same time how can a hard disk be made more efficient? Here are the answers.
Hard disks crash due to many reasons. Voltage fluctuations, physical impact, improper alignment and of course mechanical failure due to wear and tear of internal parts. Let us start one by one and get the answers to the above problems.
1. Voltage fluctuations or spikes as they are called can be prevented by using voltage stabilizers or spike guards. This will limit the damage to the hard disk to a great extent.
2. Physical impact can be prevented by handling the hard disk carefully when installing/ re-installing. When installing the hard disk care should be taken to see that it sits perfectly horizontal and that it does not vibrate or shake once the computer is started.
3. The natural wear and tear of parts can be limited by defragmenting your hard disk from time to time.But what is defragmentation? All newly created files are stored in various places on the hard disk in a single cluster ( contiguous file ). But, as the number of files and programs increase, these files are not stored as one contiguous file but broken down and scattered in various places on the hard disk. In short files get fragmented. When these files are accessed by the user, the head on the hard disk moves to and fro to locate these fragments. These fragmented files puts lot of mechanical pressure on the internal parts of the hard disk. This leads to crashes. To start disk defragmenter from the start menu, click the start button and follow this path (All Programs / Accessories / System Tools / Disk Defragmenter). A minimum of 15 percent free space on your disk is needed for disk defragmenter to run. The disk can also be defragmented automatically by using schedule task. This program can can be accessed via system tools.
4. Power management tool can also be used to enhance the life of hard disk. To access this program go to start / control panel / power options and set the parameters for various hardware devices.
5. Disk cleanup increases the efficiency of the hard disk. So delete unwanted files and programs regularly.
INTEL core I7 proccessor
Intel’s high end Core 2 Duo CPUs have always been at the top of the performance charts right from their launch. And Intel have just bettered themselves with their all new CPU line up, the Core i7 (codenamed Nehalem), which raises the performance bar even higher.
Performance
From all initial reports, we knew the Core i7 965 Extreme would better any earlier desktop CPU; and putting this new CPU and platform to task only confirmed our speculation. As usual, we ran WorldBench 6.0, PC World’s own benchmarking suite that consists of real world applications like Adobe Photoshop, Autodesk 3ds MAX, Microsoft Office 2003, etc.ntel has finally let go of the FSB concept and has instead opted for a ‘Quick-Path’ interconnect, similar to, but not exactly like the HyperTransport that AMD has been when they switched to 64-bit CPUs. Hyper Threading Technology that allows a single core to run two threads simultaneously (depending on the processing that the two cores need) is back with the Core i7 (Intel discarded it when they introduced dual cores) and this means each of the four cores of the Core i7 have a virtual core. As on the date of this review there are three models of the Core i7 in production — 920 (2.66GHz), 940 (2.93GHz) and the 965 Extreme (3.2GHz), which we are reviewing here.
The Platform
The Core i7 CPUs are based on a completely new architecture and are not compatible with the socket 775 motherboards. The new socket is referred to as LG A1366 (the 1366 refers to the number of pin connections on the CPU; the current Core 2 Duos are based on LG A775). These CPUs are currently supported by Intel’s X58 chipset which itself has something new to offer—it supports both, SLI and CrossFire dual graphics technology. On the memory side, the Core i7 CPUs have the memory controller built in (similar to the AMD CPUs) and they support three channel memory (similar to dual channel but with three RAM sticks) up to DDR 3 1600MHz. The memory throughout and overall chipset performance has seen a substantial increase.
Performance
From all initial reports, we knew the Core i7 965 Extreme would better any earlier desktop CPU; and putting this new CPU and platform to task only confirmed our speculation. As usual, we ran WorldBench 6.0, PC World’s own benchmarking suite that consists of real world applications like Adobe Photoshop, Autodesk 3ds MAX, Microsoft Office 2003, etc.ntel has finally let go of the FSB concept and has instead opted for a ‘Quick-Path’ interconnect, similar to, but not exactly like the HyperTransport that AMD has been when they switched to 64-bit CPUs. Hyper Threading Technology that allows a single core to run two threads simultaneously (depending on the processing that the two cores need) is back with the Core i7 (Intel discarded it when they introduced dual cores) and this means each of the four cores of the Core i7 have a virtual core. As on the date of this review there are three models of the Core i7 in production — 920 (2.66GHz), 940 (2.93GHz) and the 965 Extreme (3.2GHz), which we are reviewing here.
The Platform
The Core i7 CPUs are based on a completely new architecture and are not compatible with the socket 775 motherboards. The new socket is referred to as LG A1366 (the 1366 refers to the number of pin connections on the CPU; the current Core 2 Duos are based on LG A775). These CPUs are currently supported by Intel’s X58 chipset which itself has something new to offer—it supports both, SLI and CrossFire dual graphics technology. On the memory side, the Core i7 CPUs have the memory controller built in (similar to the AMD CPUs) and they support three channel memory (similar to dual channel but with three RAM sticks) up to DDR 3 1600MHz. The memory throughout and overall chipset performance has seen a substantial increase.
Tuesday, June 9, 2009
More info about RAM
Many computer systems have a memory hierarchy consisting of CPU registers, on-die SRAM caches, external caches, DRAM, paging systems, and virtual memory or swap space on a hard drive. This entire pool of memory may be referred to as "RAM" by many developers, even though the various subsystems can have very different access times, violating the original concept behind the random access term in RAM. Even within a hierarchy level such as DRAM, the specific row, column, bank, rank, channel, or interleave organization of the components make the access time variable, although not to the extent that rotating storage media or a tape is variable. The overall goal of using a memory hierarchy is to obtain the higher possible average access performance while minimizing the total cost of entire memory system. (Generally, the memory hierarchy follows the access time with the fast CPU registers at the top and the slow hard drive at the bottom.)
In many modern personal computers, the RAM comes in an easily upgraded form of modules called memory modules or DRAM modules about the size of a few sticks of chewing gum. These can quickly be replaced should they become damaged or too small for current purposes. As suggested above, smaller amounts of RAM (mostly SRAM) are also integrated in the CPU and other ICs on the motherboard, as well as in hard-drives, CD-ROMs, and several other parts of the computer system.
In many modern personal computers, the RAM comes in an easily upgraded form of modules called memory modules or DRAM modules about the size of a few sticks of chewing gum. These can quickly be replaced should they become damaged or too small for current purposes. As suggested above, smaller amounts of RAM (mostly SRAM) are also integrated in the CPU and other ICs on the motherboard, as well as in hard-drives, CD-ROMs, and several other parts of the computer system.
Info About RAM
RAM or Random Access Memory is known to increase the speed and agility of today multi processing.Random-access memory is usually known by its acronym, RAM as said before, is a form of computer data storage. Today, it takes the form of integrated circuits that allow stored data to be accessed in any order (i.e., at random). The word random thus refers to the fact that any piece of data can be returned in a constant time, regardless of its physical location and whether or not it is related to the previous piece of data.An early type of widespread writable random access memory was the magnetic core memory, developed from 1949 to 1952, and subsequently used in most computers up until the development of the static and dynamic integrated RAM circuits in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Before this, computers used relays, delay line memory or various kinds of vacuum tube arrangements to implement "main" memory functions (i.e., hundreds or thousands of bits), some of which were random access, some not. Latches built out of vacuum tube triodes, and later, out of discrete transistors, were used for smaller and faster memories such as registers and (random access) register banks. Prior to the development of integrated ROM circuits, permanent (or read-only) random access memory was often constructed using semiconductor diode matrices driven by address decoders.
More about BIOS
As said in the earlier post the BIOS is stored in rewritable memory, flashing the BIOS is overwriting the BIOS contents with a BIOS image.
The BIOS also suffers from various vulnerabilities such as EEPROM chips are advantageous because they can be easily updated by the user but hardware manufacturers frequently issue BIOS updates to upgrade their products, improve compatibility and remove bugs. However, this advantage had the risk that an improperly executed or aborted BIOS update could render the computer or device unusable. To avoid these situations, more recent BIOSes use a "boot block"; a portion of the BIOS which runs first and must be updated separately. This code verifies if the rest of the BIOS is intact (using hash checksums or other methods) before transferring control to it. If the boot block detects any corruption in the main BIOS, it will typically warn the user that a recovery process must be initiated by booting from removable media (floppy, CD or USB memory) so the user can try flashing the BIOS again. Some motherboards have a backup BIOS (sometimes referred to as DualBIOS boards) to recover from BIOS corruptions. In 2007, Gigabyte began offering motherboards with a QuadBIOS recovery feature.
The BIOS also suffers from various vulnerabilities such as EEPROM chips are advantageous because they can be easily updated by the user but hardware manufacturers frequently issue BIOS updates to upgrade their products, improve compatibility and remove bugs. However, this advantage had the risk that an improperly executed or aborted BIOS update could render the computer or device unusable. To avoid these situations, more recent BIOSes use a "boot block"; a portion of the BIOS which runs first and must be updated separately. This code verifies if the rest of the BIOS is intact (using hash checksums or other methods) before transferring control to it. If the boot block detects any corruption in the main BIOS, it will typically warn the user that a recovery process must be initiated by booting from removable media (floppy, CD or USB memory) so the user can try flashing the BIOS again. Some motherboards have a backup BIOS (sometimes referred to as DualBIOS boards) to recover from BIOS corruptions. In 2007, Gigabyte began offering motherboards with a QuadBIOS recovery feature.
All u need to know about BIOS
BIOS also know as BASIC INPUT/OUTPUT SYSTEM plays an important role in the boot up of the PC.In IBM PC compatabile and nowadays in computers of various major brands like DELL,HP, the Basic Input/Output System (BIOS), also known as the System BIOS, is a defac to standard for defining a firmware interface.
The term BIOS first appeared in the CP/M operating system, describing the part of CP/M loaded during boot time that interfaced directly with the hardware (CP/M machines usually had only a simple boot loader in their ROM). Most versions of DOS have a file called "IBMBIO.COM" or "IO.SYS" that is analogous to the CP/M BIOS. the IO.sys file is hidden in most of the systems as it is a system file and must not be edited!!
Nowadays the BIOS is present inside the static RAM of most of the PC's.
The term BIOS first appeared in the CP/M operating system, describing the part of CP/M loaded during boot time that interfaced directly with the hardware (CP/M machines usually had only a simple boot loader in their ROM). Most versions of DOS have a file called "IBMBIO.COM" or "IO.SYS" that is analogous to the CP/M BIOS. the IO.sys file is hidden in most of the systems as it is a system file and must not be edited!!
Nowadays the BIOS is present inside the static RAM of most of the PC's.
LAN sub SYSTEM
The LAN subsystem includes:
• Intel ICH10
• Intel 82567V Gigabit (10/100/1000 Mb/s) Ethernet LAN controller
• RJ-45 LAN connector with integrated status LEDs
The subsystem features:
• CSMA/CD protocol engine
• LAN connect interface between ICH10 and the LAN controller
• PCI Express power management
• Intel ICH10
• Intel 82567V Gigabit (10/100/1000 Mb/s) Ethernet LAN controller
• RJ-45 LAN connector with integrated status LEDs
The subsystem features:
• CSMA/CD protocol engine
• LAN connect interface between ICH10 and the LAN controller
• PCI Express power management
LAN sub SYSTEM
The LAN subsystem includes:
• Intel ICH10
• Intel 82567V Gigabit (10/100/1000 Mb/s) Ethernet LAN controller
• RJ-45 LAN connector with integrated status LEDs
The subsystem features:
• CSMA/CD protocol engine
• LAN connect interface between ICH10 and the LAN controller
• PCI Express power management
• Intel ICH10
• Intel 82567V Gigabit (10/100/1000 Mb/s) Ethernet LAN controller
• RJ-45 LAN connector with integrated status LEDs
The subsystem features:
• CSMA/CD protocol engine
• LAN connect interface between ICH10 and the LAN controller
• PCI Express power management
Intel G43 Express Chipset
The Intel G43 Express Chipset consists of the following devices:
• Intel G43 Express Chipset Graphics and Memory Controller Hub (GMCH) with Direct
Media Interface (DMI)
• Intel 82801JB I/O Controller Hub (ICH10) with DMI
The GMCH component provides interfaces to the processor, memory, PCI Express, and
the DMI interconnect. The component also provides integrated graphics capabilities
supporting 3D, 2D, and display capabilities. The ICH10 is a centralized controller for
the board’s I/O paths.
• Intel G43 Express Chipset Graphics and Memory Controller Hub (GMCH) with Direct
Media Interface (DMI)
• Intel 82801JB I/O Controller Hub (ICH10) with DMI
The GMCH component provides interfaces to the processor, memory, PCI Express, and
the DMI interconnect. The component also provides integrated graphics capabilities
supporting 3D, 2D, and display capabilities. The ICH10 is a centralized controller for
the board’s I/O paths.
Intel G43 motherboard specs
The main features of INTEL!!
Form Factor
ATX (294.64 millimeters [11.60 inches] x 243.84 millimeters
[9.60 inches])
Processor
Support for an Intel® processor in the LGA775 package
Main Memory
• Two 240-pin, DDR2 1.8 V SDRAM Dual Inline Memory Module
(DIMM) sockets
• 800/667 MHz single or dual channel DDR2 SDRAM interface
• Support for up to 4 GB of system memory
Chipset Intel® G43 Express Chipset consisting of:
• Intel G43 Express Chipset Graphics and Memory Controller Hub
(GMCH)
• Intel® 82801JB I/O Controller Hub (ICH10)
Graphics • Intel G43 Express Chipset with Intel® Graphics Media Accelerator
X4500 (Intel® GMA X4500)
• One PCI Express* 2.0 x16 connector supporting PCI Express
graphics add-in cards
• Support for dual independent displays via the DVI-D and VGA ports
Audio Onboard subsystem, featuring:
• Independent 6-channel (5.1) audio streams
• 2-channel stereo audio streams via an onboard header
• Intel® High Definition Audio (Intel® HD Audio) interface
• RealTek* ALC888VC audio codec
• Onboard 3-pin S/PDIF output connector
Expansion
Capabilities
• One PCI Express 2.0 x16 connector
• Three PCI Express 1.1 x1 connectors
• Three PCI* connectors
Legacy I/O Support Legacy I/O Controller that provides:
• PS/2* keyboard and mouse ports
• One serial port via an onboard header
Peripheral
Interfaces
• Up to 12 USB 2.0 ports:
― Six ports routed to the back panel
― Six ports routed to three USB headers
• Up to two IEEE 1394a ports:
― One port routed to the back panel
― One port routed to an onboard IEEE 1394a header
• Six Serial ATA (SATA) channels (3.0 Gb/s) via ICH10
• One IDE interface with ATA-66/100 support (two devices)
Form Factor
ATX (294.64 millimeters [11.60 inches] x 243.84 millimeters
[9.60 inches])
Processor
Support for an Intel® processor in the LGA775 package
Main Memory
• Two 240-pin, DDR2 1.8 V SDRAM Dual Inline Memory Module
(DIMM) sockets
• 800/667 MHz single or dual channel DDR2 SDRAM interface
• Support for up to 4 GB of system memory
Chipset Intel® G43 Express Chipset consisting of:
• Intel G43 Express Chipset Graphics and Memory Controller Hub
(GMCH)
• Intel® 82801JB I/O Controller Hub (ICH10)
Graphics • Intel G43 Express Chipset with Intel® Graphics Media Accelerator
X4500 (Intel® GMA X4500)
• One PCI Express* 2.0 x16 connector supporting PCI Express
graphics add-in cards
• Support for dual independent displays via the DVI-D and VGA ports
Audio Onboard subsystem, featuring:
• Independent 6-channel (5.1) audio streams
• 2-channel stereo audio streams via an onboard header
• Intel® High Definition Audio (Intel® HD Audio) interface
• RealTek* ALC888VC audio codec
• Onboard 3-pin S/PDIF output connector
Expansion
Capabilities
• One PCI Express 2.0 x16 connector
• Three PCI Express 1.1 x1 connectors
• Three PCI* connectors
Legacy I/O Support Legacy I/O Controller that provides:
• PS/2* keyboard and mouse ports
• One serial port via an onboard header
Peripheral
Interfaces
• Up to 12 USB 2.0 ports:
― Six ports routed to the back panel
― Six ports routed to three USB headers
• Up to two IEEE 1394a ports:
― One port routed to the back panel
― One port routed to an onboard IEEE 1394a header
• Six Serial ATA (SATA) channels (3.0 Gb/s) via ICH10
• One IDE interface with ATA-66/100 support (two devices)
Monday, June 8, 2009
Rambus with IT majors HP,DELL,SONY
Rambus has also developed and patented extensive technologies in the area of logic interface solutions. Rambus' family of serial link cells includes application-proven, standards-compliant serial link cells as well as higher-performance specialty solutions. Rambus' serial link interfaces offer customers proven, high-speed physical layer and digital core solutions that are compatible with a number of computer and network communications requirements. Rambus currently has the industry's fastest backplane serial link interface enabling engineers and system designers to quadruple the capacity of their existing networking infrastructure. Rambus' FlexIO processor bus, formerly codenamed "Redwood," is capable of running at up to 6.4GHz data rates providing more than four times the bandwidth of current best-in-class processor buses. The FlexIO bus is ideally suited for low-cost, high-performance applications where circuits and signaling levels are optimized for lower latency and lower power than traditional processor bus solutions.
Products of RAMBUS
Rambus offers the broadest range of low-risk, silicon-proven memory interfaces, innovations and patented inventions for cost-efficient designs that improve overall system performance. The Rambus family of DDR memory controller interfaces complements its higher frequency RDRAM® and XDR™ product lines, providing customers with easy-to-integrate drop-in cell solutions for their designs, making Rambus a one-stop shop for memory interface needs. The RDRAM memory interface has been integrated into RDRAM memory devices and memory controllers from a number of chip manufacturers, and offers high performance and high bandwidth for a variety of high-volume applications. The XDR memory interface family provides a quantum leap in overall system performance for next generation graphics-intensive consumer, computing and networking applications. These solutions enable customers to meet challenging bandwidth, power and cost targets for their specific application needs.
RAMBUS
RAMBUS is the leading company in chip and systems manufacturing for the past 15+ yrs.The RAMBUS solutions provide higher performance for a broad range of consumer,computing and communication applications. RAMBUS had a major break through in technology in producing high speed interfaces for game consoles and graphic applications.Today RAMBUS has helped companies to solve their most strenuos problems wit the state of the art engineering to solve them and bring it into the market. RAMBUS provides complete interface solutions and comprehensive engineering services to ensure the successful implementation of its interfaces in customer products. RAMBUS services support customers from chip design to system integration and volume production.
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